doc: sample: update sample ir files

doc/sample/ir/dominance-test.mie

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+~func.func() ({
+^R:
+	%0 = ~arith.constant() {value = 0 : i32} : () -> i32
+	~cf.br-cond(%0) [ ^A, ^B, ^C ] : (i32) -> ()
+
+^A:
+	~cf.br() [ ^D ] : () -> ()
+^B:
+	~cf.br-cond(%0) [ ^D, ^A, ^E ] : (i32) -> ()
+^C:
+	~cf.br-cond(%0) [ ^G, ^F ] : (i32) -> ()
+^D:
+	~cf.br() [ ^L ] : () -> ()
+^E:
+	~cf.br() [ ^H ] : () -> ()
+^F:
+	~cf.br() [ ^I ] : () -> ()
+^G:
+	~cf.br-cond(%0) [ ^I, ^J ] : (i32) -> ()
+^H:
+	~cf.br-cond(%0) [ ^E, ^K ] : (i32) -> ()
+^I:
+	~cf.br() [ ^K ] : () -> ()
+^J:
+	~cf.br() [ ^I ] : () -> ()
+^K:
+	~cf.br-cond(%0) [ ^R, ^I ] : (i32) -> ()
+^L:
+	~cf.br() [ ^H ] : () -> ()
+}) {sym_name = "test", function_type = () -> () } : () -> ()

doc/sample/ir/for-loop-1.mie

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 ; Comment
+module {
 	func.func @reduce(%buffer: memref<1024*f32>, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index) -> f32 {
 		; Initial sum set to 0.
-	%sum.0 = f32.constant 0.0
+		%sum.0 = arith.constant 0.0 : f32
 		; iter_args binds initial values to the loop's region arguments.
-	%sum = scf.for %iv = %lb to %ub step %step iter-args(%sum.iter = %sum.0) -> (f32) {
+		%sum = scf.for %iv = %lb to %ub step %step iter-args(%sum.iter = %sum.0) -> f32 {
 			%t = memref.load %buffer[%iv] : memref<1024*f32>
 			%sum.next = arith.addf %sum.iter, %t : f32
 			; Yield current iteration sum to next iteration %sum.iter or to %sum
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@ func.func @reduce(%buffer: memref<1024*f32>, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: inde
 
 		func.return %sum : f32
 	}
+}

doc/sample/ir/for-loop-4.mie

@@ -1,25 +1,16 @@
-~func.func() ({
-^entry(%buffer: memref<1024*f32>, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index):
-	; Initial sum set to 0.
-	%sum.0 = ~f32.constant() {value = 0.0 : f32} : () -> f32
-	; iter_args binds initial values to the loop's region arguments.
-	;%sum = "scf.for"(%lb, %ub, %step) -> (f32) {
-	~cf.br [ ^for.entry(%lb: index, %sum.0: f32) ] : () -> ()
-
+module {
+        func.func @_reduce(%buffer: memref<1024*f32>, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index) -> f32 {
+                %sum.0 = arith.constant 0 : f32
+                cf.br ^for.entry(%lb: index, %sum.0: f32)
         ^for.entry(%iv: index, %sum.iter: f32):
-	%t = ~memref.load(%buffer, %iv) : (memref<1024*f32>, index) -> f32
-	%sum.next = ~arith.addf(%sum.iter, %t) : (f32, f32) -> f32
-
-	~cf.br [ ^for.cond:(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : () -> ()
-
-^for.cond(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32):
-	; Yield current iteration sum to next iteration %sum.iter or to %sum
-	; if final iteration.
-	%iv.next = ~arith.addi(%iv, %step) : (index, index) -> index
-	%stop = ~arith.cmpi(%iv.next, %ub) {predicate = 9 : i64} : (index, index) -> i1
-	~cf.br-cond(%stop) [ ^for.end, ^for.entry:(%iv.next: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : () -> ()
-
+                %t = memref.load %buffer[%iv] : memref<1024*f32>
+                %sum.next = arith.addf %sum.iter, %t : f32
+                cf.br ^for.cond(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32)
+        ^for.cond(%iv.0: index, %sum.iter.0: index):
+                %iv.next = arith.addi %iv.0, %step : index
+                %stop = arith.cmpi uge %iv.next, %ub : index
+                cf.br-cond %stop, ^for.end(%sum.iter.0: index), ^for.entry(%iv.next: index, %sum.iter.0: index)
         ^for.end(%sum: f32):
-	~func.return(%sum) : (f32) -> ()
-}) {sym_name = "reduce"} : (memref<1024*f32>, index, index, index) -> f32
-
+                func.return %sum : f32
+        }
+}

doc/sample/ir/parse-test-2.mie

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+~builtin.module() ({
+	~func.func() ({
+	^entry(%buffer: i32, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index):
+		; Initial sum set to 0.
+		%sum.0 = ~arith.constant() {value = 0.0 : f32} : () -> f32
+		; iter_args binds initial values to the loop's region arguments.
+		;%sum = "scf.for"(%lb, %ub, %step) -> (f32) {
+		~cf.br() [ ^for.entry:(%lb: index, %sum.0: f32) ] : () -> ()
+
+	^for.entry(%iv: index, %sum.iter: f32):
+		%t, %x, %z = ~memref.load(%buffer, %iv) : (i32, index) -> (f32, i1, i1)
+		%sum.next = ~arith.addf(%sum.iter, %t) : (f32, f32) -> f32
+
+		~cf.br() [ ^for.cond:(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : () -> ()
+
+	^for.cond(%iv2: index, %sum.next2: f32):
+		; Yield current iteration sum to next iteration %sum.iter or to %sum
+		; if final iteration.
+		%iv.next = ~arith.addi(%iv, %step) : (index, index) -> index
+		%stop = ~arith.cmpi(%iv.next, %ub) { predicate = 9 } : (index, index) -> i1
+		~cf.br-cond(%stop) [ ^for.end, ^for.entry:(%iv.next: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : (i1) -> ()
+
+	^for.end(%sum: f32):
+		~func.return(%sum) : (f32) -> ()
+	}) {sym_name = "reduce", function_type = (i32, index, index, index) -> f32 } : () -> ()
+}) : () -> ()

doc/sample/ir/parse-test.mie

@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
-~builtin.module() ({
-	~func.func() ({
-	^entry(%buffer: i32, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index):
+module {
+	func.func @reduce(%buffer: memref<?*f32>, %lb: index, %ub: index, %step: index) -> f32 {
 		; Initial sum set to 0.
-		%sum.0 = ~arith.constant() {value = 0.0 : f32} : () -> f32
+		%sum.0 = arith.constant 0.0 : f32
 		; iter_args binds initial values to the loop's region arguments.
 		;%sum = "scf.for"(%lb, %ub, %step) -> (f32) {
-		~cf.br() [ ^for.entry:(%lb: index, %sum.0: f32) ] : () -> ()
+		cf.br ^for.entry(%lb: index, %sum.0: f32)
 
 	^for.entry(%iv: index, %sum.iter: f32):
-		%t, %x, %z = ~memref.load(%buffer, %iv) : (i32, index) -> (f32, i1, i1)
-		%sum.next = ~arith.addf(%sum.iter, %t) : (f32, f32) -> f32
+		%t = memref.load %buffer[%iv] : memref<?*f32>
+		%sum.next =  arith.addf %sum.iter, %t : f32
 
-		~cf.br() [ ^for.cond:(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : () -> ()
+		cf.br ^for.cond(%iv: index, %sum.next: f32)
 
 	^for.cond(%iv2: index, %sum.next2: f32):
 		; Yield current iteration sum to next iteration %sum.iter or to %sum
 		; if final iteration.
-		%iv.next = ~arith.addi(%iv, %step) : (index, index) -> index
-		%stop = ~arith.cmpi(%iv.next, %ub) { predicate = 9 } : (index, index) -> i1
-		~cf.br-cond(%stop) [ ^for.end, ^for.entry:(%iv.next: index, %sum.next: f32) ] : (i1) -> ()
+		%iv.next = arith.addi %iv, %step : index
+		%stop = arith.cmpi uge %iv.next, %ub : index
+		cf.br-cond %stop, ^for.end, ^for.entry(%iv.next: index, %sum.next: f32)
 
 	^for.end(%sum: f32):
-		~func.return(%sum) : (f32) -> ()
-	}) {sym_name = "reduce", function_type = (i32, index, index, index) -> f32 } : () -> ()
-}) : () -> ()
+		func.return %sum : f32
+	}
+}

mie/diag/diag.c

@@ -76,7 +76,11 @@ void mie_diag_push_msg(
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (msg >= dialect->d_nr_diag_msgs) {
+	if (msg >= dialect->d_nr_diag_msgs
+	    || !dialect->d_diag_msgs[msg].msg_content) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "FATAL: %lu is not a valid %s diag msg\n", msg,
+		        dialect_name);
+		abort();
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -90,6 +94,20 @@ void mie_diag_push_msg(
 	b_queue_push_back(&diag->diag_components, &c_msg->msg_base.c_entry);
 }
 
+void mie_diag_push_string(struct mie_diag *diag, const char *str)
+{
+	struct mie_diag_c_msg *c_msg = malloc(sizeof *c_msg);
+	if (!c_msg) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	memset(c_msg, 0x0, sizeof *c_msg);
+	c_msg->msg_base.c_type = MIE_DIAG_COMPONENT_MSG;
+	c_msg->msg_content = b_strdup(str);
+
+	b_queue_push_back(&diag->diag_components, &c_msg->msg_base.c_entry);
+}
+
 void mie_diag_push_snippet(
 	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
 	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendments, size_t nr_amendments,

mie/dialect/arith/arith.c

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
 
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_EXTERN(mie_arith_diag);
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_EXTERN(mie_arith_msg);
+
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_arith, struct mie_dialect, "arith")
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_CLASS_LIST(mie_arith_diag);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_MSG_LIST(mie_arith_msg);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_addi);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_cmpi);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_arith_addf);

mie/dialect/arith/diag.c

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX MIE_ARITH_E
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX   MIE_ARITH_MSG
+
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(mie_arith_diag)
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(INVALID_INTEGER_TYPE, ERROR, "Invalid integer type")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(INVALID_FLOAT_TYPE, ERROR, "Invalid floating-point type")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(
+		INVALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATE, ERROR,
+		"Invalid comparison predicate")
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(mie_arith_diag)
+
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(mie_arith_msg)
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(EXPECTED_INTEGER_TYPE, "expected an integer or index type.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(EXPECTED_FLOAT_TYPE, "expected a floating-point type.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		INVALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATE,
+		"this is not a valid comparison predicate.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		VALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATES,
+		"valid comparison predicates include: [blue]eq[reset], "
+	        "[blue]ne[reset], [blue]slt[reset], [blue]sle[reset], "
+	        "[blue]sgt[reset], [blue]sge[reset], [blue]ult[reset], "
+	        "[blue]ule[reset], [blue]ugt[reset], [blue]uge[reset]")
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(mie_arith_msg)

mie/dialect/arith/op/addf.c

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
@@ -23,8 +27,60 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	struct mie_file_span span;
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) != 1) {
+		mie_op_get_results_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, false, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->op_args),
+		    "arithmetic operation arguments")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args) != 2) {
+		mie_op_get_args_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "arithmetic operation type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+		    parser, "arithmetic operation type", &type, &span)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "float")) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "arith", MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_FLOAT_TYPE,
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_FLOAT_TYPE, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args); i++) {
+		out->op_args.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_type = type;
+	}
+
+	out->op_result.items[0].reg_type = type;
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/arith/op/addi.c

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 #include <mie/type/type.h>
 
@@ -27,8 +29,63 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	struct mie_file_span span;
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) != 1) {
+		mie_op_get_results_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, false, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->op_args),
+		    "arithmetic operation arguments")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args) != 2) {
+		mie_op_get_args_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "arithmetic operation type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+		    parser, "arithmetic operation type", &type, &span)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	bool is_int_type = mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "int")
+	                || mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "index");
+
+	if (!is_int_type) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "arith", MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_INTEGER_TYPE,
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_INTEGER_TYPE, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args); i++) {
+		out->op_args.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_type = type;
+	}
+
+	out->op_result.items[0].reg_type = type;
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/arith/op/cmpi.c

@@ -1,9 +1,34 @@
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
+
+#define PREDICATE(id, str) [MIE_ARITH_CMPI_##id] = str
+static const char *predicates[] = {
+	PREDICATE(EQ, "eq"),   PREDICATE(NE, "ne"),   PREDICATE(SLT, "slt"),
+	PREDICATE(SLE, "sle"), PREDICATE(SGT, "sgt"), PREDICATE(SGE, "sge"),
+	PREDICATE(ULT, "ult"), PREDICATE(ULE, "ule"), PREDICATE(UGT, "ugt"),
+	PREDICATE(UGE, "uge"),
+};
+static const size_t nr_predicates = sizeof predicates / sizeof predicates[0];
+
+static int find_predicate(const char *pred)
+{
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_predicates; i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(pred, predicates[i])) {
+			return i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return -1;
+}
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
@@ -24,41 +49,12 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 
 	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
 
-	switch (pred) {
-	case 0:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "eq", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 1:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ne", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 2:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "slt", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 3:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "sle", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 4:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "sgt", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 5:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "sge", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 6:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ult", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 7:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ule", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 8:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "ugt", NULL);
-		break;
-	case 9:
-		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "uge", NULL);
-		break;
-	default:
-		return MIE_SUCCESS;
+	if (pred < 0 || pred >= nr_predicates) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
 	}
 
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, predicates[pred], NULL);
+
 	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
 	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, left, false);
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
@@ -69,11 +65,111 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	struct mie_file_span span;
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) != 1) {
+		mie_op_get_results_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	b_string *tmp = mie_parser_get_tempstr(parser);
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_word(parser, tmp, &span)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_s(
+			parser, "predicate word", "comparison operation");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	int pred = find_predicate(b_string_ptr(tmp));
+	if (pred == -1) {
+		struct mie_diag *diag = mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "arith", MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATE,
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_INVALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATE, &span);
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), "arith",
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_VALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATES);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, false, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->op_args),
+		    "comparison operands")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args) != 2) {
+		mie_op_get_args_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "comparison operand type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(parser, "comparison operand type", &type, &span)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	bool is_int_type = mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "int")
+	                || mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "index");
+
+	if (!is_int_type) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "arith", MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_INTEGER_TYPE,
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_INTEGER_TYPE, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args); i++) {
+		out->op_args.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_type = type;
+	}
+
+	out->op_result.items[0].reg_type
+		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), 1);
+
+	struct mie_attribute *pred_attribute
+		= mie_ctx_get_int(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), pred, 64);
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&out->op_attrib, "predicate", pred_attribute,
+		MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+struct mie_register *mie_arith_cmpi_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, enum mie_arith_cmpi_predicate pred,
+	struct mie_register *left, struct mie_register *right, const char *name)
+{
+	struct mie_register *args[] = {left, right};
+	const size_t nr_args = sizeof args / sizeof args[0];
+
+	struct mie_op *op = mie_emitter_put_op(e, "arith", "cmpi", args, nr_args);
+	const struct mie_type *ty = left->reg_type;
+
+	struct mie_register *result = mie_op_add_result(op, ty);
+	mie_emitter_put_name(e, &result->reg_name, name);
+
+	struct mie_attribute *pred_attribute
+		= mie_ctx_get_int(mie_emitter_get_ctx(e), pred, 64);
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&op->op_attrib, "predicate", pred_attribute, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
 MIE_OP_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_arith_cmpi, "cmpi")
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
 	MIE_OP_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);

mie/dialect/arith/op/constant.c

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 #include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
@@ -36,11 +39,126 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse_int(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, long long i, struct mie_file_span *loc,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "arithmetic constant type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	struct mie_file_span type_span;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+		    parser, "arithmetic constant type", &type, &type_span)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_TOK_TYPENAME, "arithmetic constant type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_attribute *value = NULL;
+
+	if (mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "int")) {
+		value = mie_ctx_get_int(
+			mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), i,
+			mie_int_type_get_width(type));
+	} else if (mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "index")) {
+		value = mie_ctx_get_index(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), i);
+	} else {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "arith", MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_INTEGER_TYPE,
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_INTEGER_TYPE, &type_span);
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) != 1) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_EXPECTS_X_RESULTS, &type_span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&out->op_attrib, "value", value, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	out->op_result.items[0].reg_type = type;
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+static enum mie_status parse_float(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, double d, struct mie_file_span *loc,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "arithmetic constant type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	struct mie_file_span type_span;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+		    parser, "arithmetic constant type", &type, &type_span)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_TOK_TYPENAME, "arithmetic constant type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_attribute *value = NULL;
+
+	if (mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "float")) {
+		value = mie_ctx_get_float(
+			mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), d,
+			mie_float_type_get_width(type));
+	} else {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "arith", MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_FLOAT_TYPE,
+			MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_FLOAT_TYPE, &type_span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) != 1) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_EXPECTS_X_RESULTS, &type_span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&out->op_attrib, "value", value, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	out->op_result.items[0].reg_type = type;
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	double d;
+	long long i;
+	struct mie_file_span span;
+	if (mie_parser_parse_int(parser, &i, &span)) {
+		return parse_int(parser, i, &span, out);
+	} else if (mie_parser_parse_float(parser, &d, &span)) {
+		return parse_float(parser, d, &span, out);
+	} else {
+		struct mie_parser_item required[] = {
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_INT),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_FLOAT),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+		};
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+			parser, required, "arithmetic constant");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+}
+
 struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_i_put(
 	struct mie_emitter *e, long long value, const char *name)
 {

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/float.c

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ static enum mie_status parse(
 	}
 
 	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
-	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, NULL, &type, NULL)) {
 		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
 	}
 

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/int.c

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ static enum mie_status parse(
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
 		width = 64;
-	} else if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
+	} else if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, NULL, &type, NULL)) {
 		return false;
 	} else {
 		width = mie_int_type_get_width(type);

mie/dialect/builtin/attribute/type.c

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ static enum mie_status parse(
 
 	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
 
-	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, &type)) {
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(ctx, NULL, &type, NULL)) {
 		free(ty);
 		return MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT;
 	}

mie/dialect/builtin/builtin.c

@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_builtin, struct builtin_dialect, "builtin")
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_float);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_index);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_string);
+	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_builtin_memref);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_int);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_float);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_ATTRIBUTE(mie_builtin_type);

mie/dialect/builtin/diag.c

@@ -8,13 +8,36 @@
 
 MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_diag)
 	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN, ERROR, "Unrecognised token")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNEXPECTED_TOKEN, ERROR, "Unexpected token")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_TYPE, ERROR, "Unresolved type")
 	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_VALUE, ERROR, "Unresolved value")
 	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR, ERROR, "Unresolved successor")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(UNKNOWN_OP, ERROR, "Unknown op")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(
+		OP_REQUIRES_PARENT_SCOPE, ERROR, "Op requires parent scope")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(
+		INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS, ERROR,
+		"Incorrect number of results")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(
+		INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS, ERROR,
+		"Incorrect number of arguments")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(
+		INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_TYPES, ERROR, "Incorrect number of types")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(INCORRECT_TYPE, ERROR, "Incorrect type")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(INVALID_TYPE, ERROR, "Invalid type")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(NAME_ALREADY_IN_USE, ERROR, "Name already in use")
+	MIE_DIAG_CLASS(INTERNAL_ERROR, ERROR, "Internal error")
 MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(mie_builtin_diag)
 
 MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_msg)
 	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN, "encountered an unrecognised token.")
 	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNRESOLVED_VALUE, "cannot resolve this value reference.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		UNRESOLVED_BUILTIN_TYPE,
+		"cannot resolve this builtin type reference.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		UNRESOLVED_DIALECT_TYPE,
+		"cannot resolve this dialect type reference.")
 	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
 		CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK,
 		"cannot find a block with this name in this region.")
@@ -33,4 +56,43 @@ MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(mie_builtin_msg)
 		"outside of this region.")
 	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
 		VALUE_DEFINED_IN_BLOCK, "the value is defined in this block.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(UNKNOWN_OP, "encountered an unknown operation.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_REQUIRES_PARENT_SCOPE,
+		"this operation requires a parent scope.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_PARENT_SCOPE_EXAMPLE,
+		"operations that require a parent scope cannot be used as a "
+		"top-level operation. try wrapping this operation in a "
+		"[blue]module[reset].")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		USE_GENERIC_OP_SYNTAX,
+		"if this op belongs to an unknown dialect, you can use generic "
+		"op syntax to represent it.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_HAS_NO_PARSER,
+		"this operation has no associated parser functionality.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		DIALECT_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+		"this error is caused by an internal problem with the relevant "
+		"dialect. please report the issue to the dialect vendor.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		COMPILER_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+		"this error is caused by an internal compiler issue. please "
+		"report the issue to the compiler vendor.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		NR_RESULT_NAME_OUTPUT_MISMATCH,
+		"the number of [red]output value names[reset] does not match "
+		"the number of results.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGS,
+		"this operation does not have the correct number of arguments.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_ARGS,
+		"the number of types specified does not match the number of "
+		"arguments.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_RESULTS,
+		"the number of types specified does not match the number of "
+		"results.")
 MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(mie_builtin_msg)

mie/dialect/builtin/op/module.c

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *out, const struct mie_op *op)
@@ -18,8 +19,21 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *out, const struct mie_op *op)
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	struct mie_region *region = mie_op_add_region(out);
+	if (mie_parser_peek_symbol(parser) != MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACE) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_s(
+			parser, "region", "module body");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_region(parser, out, region, NULL)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/builtin/type/memref.c

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+#include <blue/core/bstr.h>
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
+
+struct memref_type {
+	struct mie_type m_base;
+	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct mie_memref_rank, m_rank);
+};
+
+struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_memref_type(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const struct mie_memref_rank *ranks, size_t nr_ranks)
+{
+	struct mie_type_definition *type_info
+		= mie_ctx_get_type_definition(ctx, "builtin", "memref");
+	if (!type_info) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_id_builder id_ctx;
+	mie_id_builder_begin(&id_ctx, mie_id_map_get_ns(&ctx->ctx_types));
+	mie_id_builder_add_cstr(&id_ctx, "memref");
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_ranks; i++) {
+		switch (ranks[i].r_ranktype) {
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN:
+			mie_id_builder_add_char(&id_ctx, '?');
+			break;
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE:
+			mie_id_builder_add_id(&id_ctx, &ranks[i].r_type->ty_id);
+			break;
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_STATIC:
+			mie_id_builder_add_int(&id_ctx, ranks[i].r_static);
+			break;
+		default:
+			return NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mie_id id;
+	mie_id_builder_end(&id_ctx, &id);
+
+	mie_id *target = mie_id_map_get(&ctx->ctx_types, &id);
+	if (target) {
+		return b_unbox(struct mie_type, target, ty_id);
+	}
+
+	struct memref_type *type
+		= (struct memref_type *)mie_type_create(type_info);
+	if (!type) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	b_bstr type_name;
+	b_bstr_begin_dynamic(&type_name);
+	b_bstr_write_cstr(&type_name, "builtin.memref<", NULL);
+
+	struct mie_printer printer;
+	mie_printer_init(
+		&printer, ctx, (b_stream *)&type_name, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_ranks; i++) {
+		mie_vector_push_back(type->m_rank, &ranks[i], NULL);
+
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_bstr_write_char(&type_name, '*');
+		}
+
+		switch (ranks[i].r_ranktype) {
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN:
+			b_bstr_write_char(&type_name, '?');
+			break;
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE:
+			mie_printer_print_type(&printer, ranks[i].r_type);
+			break;
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_STATIC:
+			b_bstr_write_fmt(&type_name, NULL, "%zu", ranks[i].r_static);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	b_bstr_write_char(&type_name, '>');
+	type->m_base.ty_name = b_bstr_end(&type_name);
+	type->m_base.ty_instance_size = 0;
+	b_rope name_rope = B_ROPE_CSTR(type->m_base.ty_name);
+
+	mie_id_map_put(&ctx->ctx_types, &type->m_base.ty_id, &name_rope);
+	return (struct mie_type *)type;
+}
+
+static void type_init(
+	const struct mie_type_definition *type_info, struct mie_type *type)
+{
+}
+
+static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_type *ty, struct mie_printer *out)
+{
+	const struct memref_type *memref_ty = (const struct memref_type *)ty;
+	b_stream_write_string(
+		out->p_stream,
+		(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED) ? "memref"
+							 : "builtin.memref",
+		NULL);
+
+	b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '<');
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(memref_ty->m_rank); i++) {
+		const struct mie_memref_rank *rank = &memref_ty->m_rank.items[i];
+
+		if (i > 0) {
+			b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '*');
+		}
+
+		switch (rank->r_ranktype) {
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN:
+			b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '?');
+			break;
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE:
+			mie_printer_print_type(out, rank->r_type);
+			break;
+		case MIE_MEMREF_RANK_STATIC:
+			b_stream_write_fmt(
+				out->p_stream, NULL, "%zu", rank->r_static);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	b_stream_write_char(out->p_stream, '>');
+
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool parse_rank(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_memref_rank *out)
+{
+	enum mie_token_type tok_type = mie_parser_peek_type(parser);
+	struct mie_parser_item expected_tokens[] = {
+		MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_TYPENAME),
+		MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_INT),
+		MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_QUESTION),
+		MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+	};
+
+	long long v;
+
+	switch (tok_type) {
+	case MIE_TOK_INT:
+		out->r_ranktype = MIE_MEMREF_RANK_STATIC;
+		out->r_type = mie_ctx_get_type(
+			mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), "builtin", "index");
+		mie_parser_parse_int(parser, &v, &out->r_span);
+		out->r_static = v;
+		break;
+	case MIE_TOK_SYMBOL:
+		switch (mie_parser_peek_symbol(parser)) {
+		case MIE_SYM_QUESTION:
+			out->r_span = mie_parser_peek(parser)->tok_location;
+			mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_QUESTION);
+			out->r_ranktype = MIE_MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN;
+			break;
+		case MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN:
+			out->r_ranktype = MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE;
+			if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+				    parser, "memref type rank", &out->r_type,
+				    &out->r_span)) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+				parser, expected_tokens, "memref rank");
+			return false;
+		}
+		break;
+	case MIE_TOK_WORD:
+	case MIE_TOK_TYPENAME:
+		out->r_ranktype = MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE;
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+			    parser, "memref type rank", &out->r_type, &out->r_span)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		break;
+	default:
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+			parser, expected_tokens, "memref rank");
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_ranks(
+	struct mie_parser *parser,
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_memref_rank, ranks))
+{
+	struct mie_memref_rank rank;
+	if (!parse_rank(parser, &rank)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_ref_push_back(ranks, &rank, NULL);
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (mie_parser_peek_symbol(parser) == MIE_SYM_RIGHT_ANGLE) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_ASTERISK)) {
+			mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+				parser, MIE_SYM_ASTERISK, "memref rank list");
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (!parse_rank(parser, &rank)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		mie_vector_ref_push_back(ranks, &rank, NULL);
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, const struct mie_type **out)
+{
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_ANGLE)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_ANGLE, "memref type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(struct mie_memref_rank, ranks);
+	if (!parse_ranks(parser, MIE_VECTOR_REF(ranks))) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_ANGLE)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_ANGLE, "memref type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = mie_ctx_get_memref_type(
+		mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), ranks.items, ranks.count);
+	mie_vector_destroy(ranks, NULL);
+
+	*out = type;
+	return MIE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+size_t mie_memref_type_get_nr_ranks(const struct mie_type *type)
+{
+	if (!mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "memref")) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	const struct memref_type *memref = (const struct memref_type *)type;
+	return MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(memref->m_rank);
+}
+
+const struct mie_memref_rank *mie_memref_type_get_rank(
+	const struct mie_type *type, size_t i)
+{
+	if (!mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "memref")) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	const struct memref_type *memref = (const struct memref_type *)type;
+	if (i >= MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(memref->m_rank)) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return &memref->m_rank.items[i];
+}
+
+const struct mie_memref_rank *mie_memref_type_get_rank(
+	const struct mie_type *type, size_t i);
+
+MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_builtin_memref, "memref")
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(type_init);
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_STRUCT(struct memref_type);
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
+	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
+MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/cf/op/br-cond.c

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
@@ -29,8 +31,104 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static bool parse_successor(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_successor *out)
 {
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+	b_string *str = mie_parser_get_tempstr(ctx);
+	bool result = false;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_blockname(ctx, str, &out->s_name_span)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			ctx, MIE_TOK_BLOCKNAME, "branch destination");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	out->s_block_name = b_string_steal(str);
+
+	if (mie_parser_peek_type(ctx) == MIE_TOK_LINEFEED
+	    || mie_parser_peek_symbol(ctx) == MIE_SYM_COMMA) {
+		goto ok;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN)) {
+		struct mie_parser_item expected[] = {
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_COMMA),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_LINEFEED),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+		};
+
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+			ctx, expected, "branch destination/arguments");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    ctx, true, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->s_args),
+		    "branch successor arguments")) {
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			ctx, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN, "branch arguments");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+ok:
+	return true;
+
+fail:
+	if (out->s_block_name) {
+		free(out->s_block_name);
+		out->s_block_name = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_MAX(out->s_args) > 0) {
+		mie_vector_destroy(out->s_args, NULL);
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	struct mie_op_arg *cond = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+	struct mie_file_span span;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter(
+		    parser, false, cond, "branch condition")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA, "branch destination list");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_successor *true_branch
+		= mie_vector_emplace_back(out->op_successors, NULL);
+	if (!parse_successor(parser, true_branch)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA, "branch destination list");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_successor *false_branch
+		= mie_vector_emplace_back(out->op_successors, NULL);
+	if (!parse_successor(parser, false_branch)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	cond->arg_unresolved.reg_type
+		= mie_ctx_get_int_type(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), 1);
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/cf/op/br.c

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
@@ -16,8 +17,78 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static bool parse_successor(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_successor *out)
 {
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+	b_string *str = mie_parser_get_tempstr(ctx);
+	bool result = false;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_blockname(ctx, str, &out->s_name_span)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			ctx, MIE_TOK_BLOCKNAME, "branch destination");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	out->s_block_name = b_string_steal(str);
+
+	if (mie_parser_peek_type(ctx) == MIE_TOK_LINEFEED) {
+		goto ok;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN)) {
+		struct mie_parser_item expected[] = {
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_LINEFEED),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+		};
+
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+			ctx, expected, "branch destination/arguments");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    ctx, true, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->s_args),
+		    "branch successor arguments")) {
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(ctx, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			ctx, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN, "branch arguments");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+ok:
+	return true;
+
+fail:
+	if (out->s_block_name) {
+		free(out->s_block_name);
+		out->s_block_name = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_MAX(out->s_args) > 0) {
+		mie_vector_destroy(out->s_args, NULL);
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	struct mie_op_successor *s
+		= mie_vector_emplace_back(out->op_successors, NULL);
+	if (!s) {
+		return MIE_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	if (!parse_successor(parser, s)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/func/op/func.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include <mie/attribute/attribute-map.h>
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/func.h>
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 #include <mie/type/function.h>
 
@@ -69,8 +71,126 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse_return_type(
+	struct mie_parser *parser,
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(const struct mie_type *, out))
 {
+	bool ok = true;
+	if (mie_parser_peek_symbol(parser) == MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN) {
+		ok = mie_parser_parse_type_list(
+			parser, "function return type", MIE_VECTOR_REF2(out), NULL);
+	} else {
+		const struct mie_type *tmp;
+		ok = mie_parser_parse_type(
+			parser, "function return type", &tmp, NULL);
+
+		if (ok) {
+			mie_vector_ref_push_back(out, &tmp, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ok ? MIE_SUCCESS : MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	if (!scope) {
+		struct mie_diag *diag = mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_OP_REQUIRES_PARENT_SCOPE,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_REQUIRES_PARENT_SCOPE,
+			&out->op_name_span);
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_PARENT_SCOPE_EXAMPLE);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	b_string *temp = mie_parser_get_tempstr(parser);
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symname(parser, temp, NULL)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_TOK_SYMNAME, "function signature");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_attribute *sym_name = mie_ctx_get_string(
+		mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), b_string_ptr(temp));
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN, "function parameter list");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(struct mie_op_arg, block_params);
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(const struct mie_type *, in_types);
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(const struct mie_type *, out_types);
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, true, MIE_VECTOR_REF(block_params),
+		    "function parameter list")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN, "function parameter list");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_region *body = mie_op_add_region(out);
+	struct mie_block *entry = mie_region_add_block(body);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(block_params); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *param_reg = mie_vector_emplace_back(
+			entry->b_params, &mie_register_vector_ops);
+
+		param_reg->reg_flags = block_params.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_flags
+		                     | MIE_REGISTER_F_BLOCK_PARAM;
+		param_reg->reg_type = block_params.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_type;
+		param_reg->reg_block = entry;
+		if (!mie_parser_scope_put_name(
+			    scope, &param_reg->reg_name,
+			    block_params.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_name,
+			    MIE_NAME_MAP_F_STRICT)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		mie_vector_push_back(in_types, &param_reg->reg_type, NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_HYPHEN_RIGHT_ANGLE)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_HYPHEN_RIGHT_ANGLE,
+			"function signature");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (parse_return_type(parser, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out_types)) != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *func_type = mie_ctx_get_function_type(
+		mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), in_types.items, in_types.count,
+		out_types.items, out_types.count);
+
+	mie_vector_destroy(in_types, NULL);
+	mie_vector_destroy(out_types, NULL);
+
+	struct mie_attribute *function_type
+		= mie_type_attr_create(mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), func_type);
+
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&out->op_attrib, "sym_name", sym_name, MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+	mie_attribute_map_put(
+		&out->op_attrib, "function_type", function_type,
+		MIE_ATTRMAP_F_REPLACE);
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_region(parser, out, body, entry)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/func/op/return.c

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 #include <mie/type/function.h>
 
@@ -38,8 +39,81 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, false, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->op_args),
+		    "function return values")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "function return type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(const struct mie_type *, types);
+	const struct mie_type *tmp = NULL;
+	struct mie_file_span first_span, last_span;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+		    parser, "function return type", &tmp, &first_span)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_push_back(types, &tmp, NULL);
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (mie_parser_peek_type(parser) == MIE_TOK_LINEFEED) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+			struct mie_parser_item expected[] = {
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_COMMA),
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_LINEFEED),
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+			};
+
+			mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+				parser, expected, "function return type list");
+			ok = false;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+			    parser, "function return type", &tmp, &last_span)) {
+			ok = false;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		mie_vector_push_back(types, &tmp, NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (!ok) {
+		mie_vector_destroy(types, NULL);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(types) != MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args)) {
+		struct mie_file_span span = {
+			.s_start = first_span.s_start,
+			.s_end = last_span.s_end,
+		};
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_TYPES,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_ARGS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(types); i++) {
+		out->op_args.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_type = types.items[i];
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/memref/diag.c

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
+#include <mie/macros.h>
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_CLASS_PREFIX MIE_MEMREF_E
+#define MIE_DIAG_MSG_PREFIX   MIE_MEMREF_MSG
+
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_BEGIN(mie_memref_diag)
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_END(mie_memref_diag)
+
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_BEGIN(mie_memref_msg)
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_EXPECTS_MEMREF_ARGUMENT,
+		"this operation requires a memref parameter.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		LAST_MEMREF_RANK_MUST_BE_TYPE,
+		"the last rank of a memref type must be a type.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		MEMREF_MUST_HAVE_AT_LEAST_ONE_RANK,
+		"memref type must have at least one rank.")
+	MIE_DIAG_MSG(
+		OP_RESULT_DETERMINED_BY_LAST_MEMREF_RANK,
+		"the number and type of operation results is determined by "
+	        "[blue]the "
+		"type of the last memref rank[reset].")
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_END(mie_memref_msg)

mie/dialect/memref/memref.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include <mie/diag/class.h>
+#include <mie/diag/msg.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
@@ -5,7 +7,11 @@
 #include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
 #include <mie/type/type.h>
 
+MIE_DIAG_CLASS_LIST_EXTERN(mie_memref_diag);
+MIE_DIAG_MSG_LIST_EXTERN(mie_memref_msg);
+
 MIE_DIALECT_BEGIN(mie_memref, struct mie_dialect, "memref")
-	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_TYPE(mie_memref_memref);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_CLASS_LIST(mie_memref_diag);
+	MIE_DIALECT_DIAG_MSG_LIST(mie_memref_msg);
 	MIE_DIALECT_ADD_OP(mie_memref_load);
 MIE_DIALECT_END()

mie/dialect/memref/op/load.c

@@ -1,14 +1,210 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/diag/diag.h>
+#include <mie/diag/highlight.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/storage.h>
+#include <mie/type/type.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	const struct mie_type *memref_type = NULL;
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) > 0) {
+		mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[0], false);
+		memref_type = mie_op_arg_get_type(&op->op_args.items[0]);
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '[');
+
+	for (size_t i = 1; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		if (i > 1) {
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+		}
+
+		mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, &op->op_args.items[i], false);
+	}
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ']');
+
+	if (memref_type) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " : ", NULL);
+		mie_printer_print_type(printer, memref_type);
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static bool parse_param_name(
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_arg *out, const char *context)
 {
+	memset(out, 0x0, sizeof *out);
+	b_string *str = mie_parser_get_tempstr(ctx);
+
+	struct mie_file_span loc;
+	if (mie_parser_parse_vregname(ctx, str, &loc)) {
+		out->arg_unresolved.reg_name = b_string_steal(str);
+		out->arg_unresolved.reg_flags = MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL;
+	} else if (mie_parser_parse_mregname(ctx, str, &loc)) {
+		out->arg_unresolved.reg_name = b_string_steal(str);
+		out->arg_unresolved.reg_flags = MIE_REGISTER_F_MACHINE;
+	} else {
+		struct mie_parser_item required[] = {
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_VREGNAME),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_MREGNAME),
+			MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+		};
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(ctx, required, context);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	out->arg_span = loc;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool apply_op_result_types(
+	const struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_type *result_type)
+{
+	size_t nr_results = 0;
+	if (!mie_type_is_storage(result_type)) {
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) != 1) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		op->op_result.items[0].reg_type = result_type;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_storage_type *storage
+		= (const struct mie_storage_type *)result_type;
+	nr_results = mie_storage_type_get_nr_parts(storage);
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) != nr_results) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_results; i++) {
+		op->op_result.items[i].reg_type = storage->st_parts.items[i];
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	struct mie_op_arg *buf_arg = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter(
+		    parser, false, buf_arg, "memref load source")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACKET)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACKET, "memref load index list");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, false, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->op_args),
+		    "memref load index")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+#if 0
+	while (1) {
+		if (mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACKET)) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+			unsigned int expected[] = {
+				MIE_SYM_COMMA,
+				MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACKET,
+				MIE_TOK_NONE,
+			};
+			mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+				parser, expected, "memref load index list");
+			return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+		}
+
+		struct mie_op_arg *index_arg = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+		if (!parse_param_name(parser, index_arg, "memref load index")) {
+			return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACKET)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACKET, "memref load index list");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "memref type");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	struct mie_file_span type_span;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(parser, "memref type", &type, &type_span)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_type_is(type, "builtin", "memref")) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_TYPE,
+			MIE_MEMREF_MSG_OP_EXPECTS_MEMREF_ARGUMENT, &type_span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	size_t nr_ranks = mie_memref_type_get_nr_ranks(type);
+	if (!nr_ranks) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INVALID_TYPE,
+			MIE_MEMREF_MSG_MEMREF_MUST_HAVE_AT_LEAST_ONE_RANK,
+			&type_span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_memref_rank *type_rank
+		= mie_memref_type_get_rank(type, nr_ranks - 1);
+	if (type_rank->r_ranktype != MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INVALID_TYPE,
+			MIE_MEMREF_MSG_LAST_MEMREF_RANK_MUST_BE_TYPE,
+			&type_rank->r_span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!apply_op_result_types(out, type_rank->r_type)) {
+		struct mie_file_span results_span;
+		mie_op_get_results_span(out, &results_span);
+		struct mie_diag *diag = mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_NR_RESULT_NAME_OUTPUT_MISMATCH,
+			&results_span);
+		mie_diag_push_msg(
+			diag, mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), "memref",
+			MIE_MEMREF_MSG_OP_RESULT_DETERMINED_BY_LAST_MEMREF_RANK);
+		struct mie_diag_highlight hl[] = {
+			MIE_DIAG_HL(HINT, type_rank->r_span),
+		};
+		mie_diag_push_snippet(
+			diag, type_rank->r_span.s_start.c_row,
+			type_rank->r_span.s_end.c_row, NULL, 0, hl, 1);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/memref/type/memref.c

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
-#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
-#include <mie/macros.h>
-#include <mie/print/printer.h>
-#include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
-#include <mie/type/type.h>
-
-enum memref_rank_type {
-	MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN = 0,
-	MEMREF_RANK_STATIC,
-	MEMREF_RANK_TYPE,
-};
-
-struct memref_rank {
-	enum memref_rank_type r_ranktype;
-	union {
-		size_t r_static;
-		const struct mie_type *r_type;
-	};
-};
-
-struct memref_type {
-	struct mie_type m_base;
-	MIE_VECTOR_DECLARE(struct memref_rank, m_rank);
-};
-
-static void type_init(
-	const struct mie_type_definition *type_info, struct mie_type *type)
-{
-}
-
-static enum mie_status print(const struct mie_type *ty, struct mie_printer *out)
-{
-	b_stream_write_string(
-		out->p_stream,
-		(out->p_flags & MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED) ? "memref" : "memref.memref",
-		NULL);
-	return MIE_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, const struct mie_type **out)
-{
-	printf("Parse memref!\n");
-
-	return MIE_ERR_BAD_FORMAT;
-}
-
-MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_BEGIN(mie_memref_memref, "memref")
-	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_INIT(type_init);
-	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PRINT(print);
-	MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_PARSE(parse);
-MIE_TYPE_DEFINITION_END()

mie/dialect/meta/op/source-filename.c

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/ptr/op/load.c

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/ptr/op/store.c

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *names,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/scf/op/for.c

@@ -1,14 +1,281 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
+#include <mie/ir/block.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
+#include <mie/print/printer.h>
+#include <mie/type/function.h>
+#include <mie/type/storage.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
 {
+	struct mie_region *body = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	struct mie_block *entry = NULL;
+	struct mie_register *iv = NULL;
+	struct mie_op_arg *lb = NULL, *ub = NULL, *step = NULL;
+
+	if (!body) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	entry = mie_region_get_first_block(body);
+	if (!entry) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args) < 3) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(entry->b_params) < 1) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_STATE;
+	}
+
+	iv = &entry->b_params.items[0];
+	lb = &op->op_args.items[0];
+	ub = &op->op_args.items[1];
+	step = &op->op_args.items[2];
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_register(printer, iv, 0);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " = ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, lb, 0);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " to ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, ub, 0);
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " step ", NULL);
+	mie_printer_print_op_arg(printer, step, 0);
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(entry->b_params) > 1) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " iter-args(", NULL);
+		for (size_t i = 1; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(entry->b_params); i++) {
+			if (i > 1) {
+				b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, ", ", NULL);
+			}
+
+			mie_printer_print_register(
+				printer, &entry->b_params.items[i], 0);
+			b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " = ", NULL);
+			mie_printer_print_op_arg(
+				printer, &op->op_args.items[i + 2], false);
+		}
+		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ')');
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 0) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, " -> ", NULL);
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 1) {
+			b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '(');
+		}
+
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+			mie_printer_print_type(
+				printer, op->op_result.items[i].reg_type);
+		}
+
+		if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result) > 1) {
+			b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ')');
+		}
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, ' ');
+	mie_printer_print_region(
+		printer, body, MIE_PRINT_F_EXCLUDE_FIRST_BLOCK_HEADER);
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static bool parse_result_type(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out, struct mie_block *entry)
 {
+	const struct mie_type *type = NULL;
+	struct mie_file_span span;
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(parser, "loop result type", &type, &span)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_type **types;
+	size_t nr_types;
+
+	if (mie_type_is_storage(type)) {
+		const struct mie_storage_type *storage
+			= (const struct mie_storage_type *)type;
+
+		types = storage->st_parts.items;
+		nr_types = storage->st_parts.count;
+	} else if (!mie_type_is_function(type)) {
+		types = &type;
+		nr_types = 1;
+	} else {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INVALID_TYPE,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_USE_FUNCTION_TYPE_HERE, &span);
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) != nr_types) {
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_TYPES,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_RESULTS,
+			&span);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_types; i++) {
+		out->op_result.items[i].reg_type = types[i];
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_iter_arg(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out, struct mie_block *entry)
+{
+	struct mie_register *reg = mie_block_add_param(entry);
+	struct mie_op_arg *arg = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_register(
+		    parser, scope, "iterator parameter name", reg)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_EQUAL)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_EQUAL, "iterator parameter");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter(
+		    parser, false, arg, "iterator parameter value")) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_register *value = mie_parser_scope_find_value(
+		scope, arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name);
+	if (value) {
+		reg->reg_type = value->reg_type;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool parse_iter_args(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out, struct mie_block *entry)
+{
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_keyword(parser, "iter-args", NULL)) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_LEFT_PAREN, "iterator parameter list");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (!parse_iter_arg(parser, scope, out, entry)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+			struct mie_parser_item expected[] = {
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_COMMA),
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_RIGHT_PAREN),
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+			};
+			mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+				parser, expected, "iterator parameter list");
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (!parse_iter_arg(parser, scope, out, entry)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
+{
+	struct mie_region *body = mie_op_add_region(out);
+	struct mie_block *entry = mie_region_add_block(body);
+	struct mie_register *iv = mie_block_add_param(entry);
+
+	mie_parser_scope_put_name(scope, &entry->b_name, "for.entry", 0);
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_register(parser, scope, "induction variable", iv)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	iv->reg_type = mie_ctx_get_type(
+		mie_parser_get_mie_ctx(parser), "builtin", "index");
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_EQUAL)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_EQUAL, "for-loop");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_arg *lb = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter(parser, false, lb, "lower bound")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_keyword(parser, "to", NULL)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_s(parser, "to", "for-loop");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_arg *ub = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter(parser, false, ub, "upper bound")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_keyword(parser, "step", NULL)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_s(parser, "step", "for-loop");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_op_arg *step = mie_op_add_arg(out);
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter(parser, false, step, "step")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!parse_iter_args(parser, scope, out, entry)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_HYPHEN_RIGHT_ANGLE)) {
+		if (!parse_result_type(parser, scope, out, entry)) {
+			return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+		}
+	} else if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_result) > 0) {
+		struct mie_file_span span;
+		mie_op_get_results_span(out, &span);
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin",
+			MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_RESULTS,
+			&span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_region(parser, out, body, entry)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/scf/op/if.c

@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *names,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/dialect/scf/op/yield.c

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/ir/emit.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op-definition.h>
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/macros.h>
+#include <mie/parse/parser.h>
 #include <mie/print/printer.h>
 
 static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *op)
@@ -30,8 +32,81 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
+		    parser, false, MIE_VECTOR_REF(out->op_args),
+		    "yield value(s)")) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COLON)) {
+		mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+			parser, MIE_SYM_COLON, "yield value type(s)");
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(const struct mie_type *, types);
+	const struct mie_type *tmp = NULL;
+	struct mie_file_span first_span, last_span;
+
+	if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+		    parser, "yield value type(s)", &tmp, &first_span)) {
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	mie_vector_push_back(types, &tmp, NULL);
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (mie_parser_peek_type(parser) == MIE_TOK_LINEFEED) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_symbol(parser, MIE_SYM_COMMA)) {
+			struct mie_parser_item expected[] = {
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_SYM_COMMA),
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(MIE_TOK_LINEFEED),
+				MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE,
+			};
+
+			mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+				parser, expected, "yield value type list");
+			ok = false;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (!mie_parser_parse_type(
+			    parser, "yield value type", &tmp, &last_span)) {
+			ok = false;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		mie_vector_push_back(types, &tmp, NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (!ok) {
+		mie_vector_destroy(types, NULL);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	if (MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(types) != MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(out->op_args)) {
+		struct mie_file_span span = {
+			.s_start = first_span.s_start,
+			.s_end = last_span.s_end,
+		};
+		mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+			parser, "builtin", MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_TYPES,
+			MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_ARGS, &span);
+		return MIE_ERR_BAD_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(types); i++) {
+		out->op_args.items[i].arg_unresolved.reg_type = types.items[i];
+	}
+
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 

mie/dialect/select/op/graph.c

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ static enum mie_status print(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_op *o
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }
 
-static enum mie_status parse(struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_op *out)
+static enum mie_status parse(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *out)
 {
 	return MIE_SUCCESS;
 }

mie/include/mie/diag/diag.h

@@ -4,6 +4,39 @@
 #include <blue/core/queue.h>
 #include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
 
+#define MIE_DIAG_HL(type, span)                                                \
+	{                                                                      \
+		.hl_type = MIE_DIAG_HIGHLIGHT_##type,                          \
+		.hl_span = (span),                                             \
+	}
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_ADD(str, loc)                                                 \
+	{                                                                      \
+		.a_type = MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_ADD, .__x = strlen(str),          \
+		.a_add = {                                                     \
+			.a_loc = (loc),                                        \
+				.a_str = (str), \
+		},                                                             \
+	}
+
+#define MIE_DIAG_REMOVE(len, llc)                                              \
+	{                                                                      \
+		.a_type = MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REMOVE,                           \
+		.a_remove = {                                                  \
+			.a_loc = (loc),                                        \
+			.a_length = (len),                                     \
+		},                                                             \
+	}
+#define MIE_DIAG_REPLACE(len, str, loc)                                        \
+	{                                                                      \
+		.a_type = MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REPLACE, .__x = strlen(str),      \
+		.a_replace = {                                                 \
+			.a_loc = (loc),                                        \
+			.a_length = (len),                                     \
+			.a_str = (str),                                        \
+		},                                                             \
+	}
+
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_diag_class;
 struct mie_diag_amendment;
@@ -31,6 +64,7 @@ MIE_API void mie_diag_set_location(
 MIE_API void mie_diag_push_msg(
 	struct mie_diag *diag, struct mie_ctx *ctx, const char *dialect,
 	unsigned long msg, ...);
+MIE_API void mie_diag_push_string(struct mie_diag *diag, const char *str);
 MIE_API void mie_diag_push_snippet(
 	struct mie_diag *diag, unsigned long first_line, unsigned long last_line,
 	const struct mie_diag_amendment *amendmends, size_t nr_amendments,

mie/include/mie/dialect/arith.h

@@ -10,6 +10,32 @@ struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_dialect;
 struct mie_emitter;
 
+enum mie_arith_diag {
+	MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_INTEGER_TYPE,
+	MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_FLOAT_TYPE,
+	MIE_ARITH_E_INVALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATE,
+};
+
+enum mie_arith_msg {
+	MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_INTEGER_TYPE,
+	MIE_ARITH_MSG_EXPECTED_FLOAT_TYPE,
+	MIE_ARITH_MSG_INVALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATE,
+	MIE_ARITH_MSG_VALID_COMPARISON_PREDICATES,
+};
+
+enum mie_arith_cmpi_predicate {
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_EQ = 0,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_NE = 1,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_SLT = 2,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_SLE = 3,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_SGT = 4,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_SGE = 5,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_ULT = 6,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_ULE = 7,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_UGT = 8,
+	MIE_ARITH_CMPI_UGE = 9,
+};
+
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_arith_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_i_put(
@@ -19,6 +45,9 @@ MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_constant_f_put(
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_addi_put(
 	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
 	struct mie_register *right, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_cmpi_put(
+	struct mie_emitter *e, enum mie_arith_cmpi_predicate pred,
+	struct mie_register *left, struct mie_register *right, const char *name);
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_arith_addf_put(
 	struct mie_emitter *e, struct mie_register *left,
 	struct mie_register *right, const char *name);

mie/include/mie/dialect/builtin.h

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <mie/attribute/attribute.h>
 #include <mie/interface/interface.h>
 #include <mie/misc.h>
+#include <mie/parse/file-span.h>
 #include <mie/trait/trait.h>
 #include <mie/vector.h>
 
@@ -17,18 +18,51 @@ struct mie_float_type;
 
 enum mie_builtin_diag {
 	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_TYPE,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_VALUE,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_SUCCESSOR,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNKNOWN_OP,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_OP_REQUIRES_PARENT_SCOPE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_TYPES,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_INCORRECT_TYPE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_INVALID_TYPE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_NAME_ALREADY_IN_USE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_E_INTERNAL_ERROR,
 };
 
 enum mie_builtin_msg {
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRECOGNISED_TOKEN,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_VALUE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_BUILTIN_TYPE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNRESOLVED_DIALECT_TYPE,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_FIND_BLOCK,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_NON_DOMINANT_BLOCK,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_AFTER_USE,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_OUTSIDE_ISOLATED_REGION,
 	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_VALUE_DEFINED_IN_BLOCK,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_UNKNOWN_OP,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_REQUIRES_PARENT_SCOPE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_PARENT_SCOPE_EXAMPLE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_USE_GENERIC_OP_SYNTAX,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_HAS_NO_PARSER,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_DIALECT_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_COMPILER_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_ARGS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_INCORRECT_NUMBER_OF_RESULTS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_ARGS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_NR_TYPES_DOESNT_MATCH_NR_RESULTS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_OP_EXPECTS_X_RESULTS,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_NR_RESULT_NAME_OUTPUT_MISMATCH,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_NAME_ALREADY_IN_USE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_NAME_ALREADY_USED_HERE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_USE_FUNCTION_TYPE_HERE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_CANNOT_USE_STORAGE_TYPE_HERE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_MUST_USE_FUNCTION_TYPE_HERE,
+	MIE_BUILTIN_MSG_MUST_USE_STORAGE_TYPE_HERE,
 };
 
 enum mie_float_width {
@@ -36,6 +70,12 @@ enum mie_float_width {
 	MIE_FLOAT_64 = 64,
 };
 
+enum mie_memref_rank_type {
+	MIE_MEMREF_RANK_UNKNOWN = 0,
+	MIE_MEMREF_RANK_STATIC,
+	MIE_MEMREF_RANK_TYPE,
+};
+
 struct mie_string {
 	struct mie_attribute str_base;
 	char *str_val;
@@ -90,6 +130,15 @@ struct mie_symbol_table {
 	struct mie_trait tab_base;
 };
 
+struct mie_memref_rank {
+	enum mie_memref_rank_type r_ranktype;
+	struct mie_file_span r_span;
+	union {
+		size_t r_static;
+		const struct mie_type *r_type;
+	};
+};
+
 struct mie_int_cache;
 struct mie_float_cache;
 struct mie_string_cache;
@@ -136,6 +185,8 @@ MIE_API bool mie_float_get_value(const struct mie_attribute *attrib, double *out
 MIE_API struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_int_type(struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t bit_width);
 MIE_API struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_float_type(
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx, size_t bit_width);
+MIE_API struct mie_type *mie_ctx_get_memref_type(
+	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const struct mie_memref_rank *ranks, size_t nr_ranks);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_attribute *mie_type_attr_create(
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx, const struct mie_type *ty);
@@ -143,4 +194,8 @@ MIE_API struct mie_attribute *mie_type_attr_create(
 MIE_API size_t mie_int_type_get_width(const struct mie_type *type);
 MIE_API size_t mie_float_type_get_width(const struct mie_type *type);
 
+MIE_API size_t mie_memref_type_get_nr_ranks(const struct mie_type *type);
+MIE_API const struct mie_memref_rank *mie_memref_type_get_rank(
+	const struct mie_type *type, size_t i);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/dialect/memref.h

@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
 struct mie_ctx;
 struct mie_dialect;
 
+enum mie_memref_msg {
+	MIE_MEMREF_MSG_OP_EXPECTS_MEMREF_ARGUMENT,
+	MIE_MEMREF_MSG_LAST_MEMREF_RANK_MUST_BE_TYPE,
+	MIE_MEMREF_MSG_MEMREF_MUST_HAVE_AT_LEAST_ONE_RANK,
+	MIE_MEMREF_MSG_OP_RESULT_DETERMINED_BY_LAST_MEMREF_RANK,
+};
+
 MIE_API struct mie_dialect *mie_memref_dialect_create(struct mie_ctx *ctx);
 
 #endif

mie/include/mie/id.h

@@ -86,6 +86,18 @@ static inline void mie_id_builder_add_cstr(
 {
 	mie_id_builder_add(builder, s, strlen(s));
 }
+static inline void mie_id_builder_add_id(
+	struct mie_id_builder *builder, const mie_id *id)
+{
+	mie_id_builder_add(builder, id->id_bytes, sizeof id->id_bytes);
+}
+static inline void mie_id_builder_add_int(
+	struct mie_id_builder *builder, long long v)
+{
+	char s[32];
+	size_t len = snprintf(s, sizeof s, "%lld", v);
+	mie_id_builder_add(builder, s, len);
+}
 MIE_API void mie_id_builder_add_rope(
 	struct mie_id_builder *builder, const b_rope *rope);
 MIE_API void mie_id_builder_add_marker(

mie/include/mie/ir/op-definition.h

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ struct mie_op;
 struct mie_printer;
 struct mie_parser;
 struct mie_dialect;
+struct mie_parser_scope;
 
 #if 0
 enum mie_op_trait {
@@ -103,7 +104,8 @@ struct mie_op_definition {
 	const struct mie_op_result op_results[MIE_OP_MAX_RESULTS];
 
 	enum mie_status (*op_print)(struct mie_printer *, const struct mie_op *);
-	enum mie_status (*op_parse)(struct mie_parser *, struct mie_op *);
+	enum mie_status (*op_parse)(
+		struct mie_parser *, struct mie_parser_scope *, struct mie_op *);
 };
 
 MIE_API struct mie_op_definition *mie_op_definition_create(

mie/include/mie/ir/op.h

@@ -79,10 +79,6 @@ MIE_API void mie_op_cleanup(struct mie_op *op);
 
 MIE_API size_t mie_op_get_name(const struct mie_op *op, char *out, size_t max);
 
-MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
-MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
-MIE_API bool mie_op_resolve_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
-
 MIE_API struct mie_op_arg *mie_op_add_arg(struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_add_result(
 	struct mie_op *op, const struct mie_type *ty);
@@ -110,6 +106,11 @@ MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_get_arg(const struct mie_op *op, size_t inde
 MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_op_get_result_with_name(
 	const struct mie_op *op, const char *name);
 
+MIE_API void mie_op_get_args_span(
+	const struct mie_op *op, struct mie_file_span *result);
+MIE_API void mie_op_get_results_span(
+	const struct mie_op *op, struct mie_file_span *result);
+
 MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_first_child_op(const struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_op_get_last_child_op(const struct mie_op *op);
 

mie/include/mie/ir/region.h

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_next_block(
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_get_last_block(const struct mie_region *region);
 
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block(struct mie_region *region);
+MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_before(
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *before);
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_after(
 	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *after);
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_region_find_block(

mie/include/mie/parse/lex.h

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ MIE_API void mie_lex_destroy(struct mie_lex *lex);
 
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_lex_get_status(const struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API struct mie_line_source *mie_lex_get_line_source(const struct mie_lex *lex);
+MIE_API const struct mie_file_cell *mie_lex_get_cursor(const struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API struct mie_token *mie_lex_peek(struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API void mie_lex_advance(struct mie_lex *lex);
 

mie/include/mie/parse/parser.h

@@ -25,6 +25,30 @@ struct mie_register;
 struct mie_attribute_map;
 struct mie_attribute;
 
+#define MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE {.i_type = MIE_PARSER_ITEM_NONE}
+#define MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(tok)                                              \
+	{.i_type = MIE_PARSER_ITEM_TOK, .i_tok = (tok)}
+#define MIE_PARSE_ITEM_CSTR(s) {.i_type = MIE_PARSER_ITEM_CSTR, .i_cstr = (s)}
+
+struct mie_parser_scope {
+	struct mie_region *s_region;
+	struct mie_name_map *s_names;
+};
+
+enum mie_parser_item_type {
+	MIE_PARSER_ITEM_NONE = 0,
+	MIE_PARSER_ITEM_TOK,
+	MIE_PARSER_ITEM_CSTR,
+};
+
+struct mie_parser_item {
+	enum mie_parser_item_type i_type;
+	union {
+		unsigned int i_tok;
+		const char *i_cstr;
+	};
+};
+
 MIE_API struct mie_parser *mie_parser_create(
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx, struct mie_lex *lex);
 MIE_API void mie_parser_destroy(struct mie_parser *ctx);
@@ -51,6 +75,8 @@ MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_float(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, double *out, struct mie_file_span *loc);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_word(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, b_string *out, struct mie_file_span *loc);
+MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_name(
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, b_string *out, struct mie_file_span *loc);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_instname(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, b_string *out, struct mie_file_span *loc);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_graphname(
@@ -71,17 +97,22 @@ MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_symname(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, b_string *out, struct mie_file_span *loc);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_string(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, b_string *out, struct mie_file_span *loc);
-MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_keyword(struct mie_parser *ctx, const char *kw);
+MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_keyword(
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, const char *kw, struct mie_file_span *loc);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_symbol(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, enum mie_token_symbol sym);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_linefeed(struct mie_parser *ctx);
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_type(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, const struct mie_type **out);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, const char *context,
+	const struct mie_type **out, struct mie_file_span *out_span);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_type_list(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(const struct mie_type *, out));
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, const char *context,
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(const struct mie_type *, out),
+	struct mie_file_span *out_span);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_function_type(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_type **out);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, const char *context, struct mie_type **out,
+	struct mie_file_span *out_span);
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_operand(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_arg *out);
@@ -89,30 +120,33 @@ MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_operand_list(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_op_arg, out));
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_parameter(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op_arg *out);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, bool include_type, struct mie_op_arg *out,
+	const char *context);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_parameter_list(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_op_arg, out));
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, bool include_type,
+	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_op_arg, out), const char *context);
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_unknown_keyword(struct mie_parser *ctx, b_string *out);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_unknown_symbol(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, enum mie_token_symbol sym);
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_register(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
-	struct mie_register *out);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	const char *context, struct mie_register *out);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_register_list(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
-	MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_register, out));
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	const char *context, MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM(struct mie_register, out));
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_region(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent, struct mie_region *region);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent,
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *first_block);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_region_list(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_op *parent);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_anonymous_block(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
 	struct mie_block *block);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_block(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names,
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
 	struct mie_block *block);
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_successor(
@@ -122,11 +156,34 @@ MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_successor_list(
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_module(struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_module *mod);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_op(
-	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_name_map *names, struct mie_op *dest);
+	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_parser_scope *scope,
+	struct mie_op *dest);
 
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_attribute(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, const struct mie_attribute **dest);
 MIE_API bool mie_parser_parse_attribute_map(
 	struct mie_parser *ctx, struct mie_attribute_map *out);
 
+MIE_API struct mie_diag *mie_parser_report_error_simple(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, const char *dialect, unsigned int diag_class,
+	unsigned int msg, const struct mie_file_span *loc);
+MIE_API void mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(
+	struct mie_parser *parser,
+	const struct mie_parser_item expected_tokens[], const char *context);
+MIE_API void mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_s(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, const char *expected_token, const char *context);
+static inline void mie_parser_report_unexpected_token(
+	struct mie_parser *parser, unsigned int expected_token, const char *context)
+{
+	struct mie_parser_item t[]
+		= {MIE_PARSE_ITEM_TOKEN(expected_token), MIE_PARSE_ITEM_NONE};
+	mie_parser_report_unexpected_token_v(parser, t, context);
+}
+
+MIE_API struct mie_name *mie_parser_scope_put_name(
+	struct mie_parser_scope *scope, struct mie_name *entry,
+	const char *hint, enum mie_name_map_flags flags);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_parser_scope_find_value(
+	struct mie_parser_scope *scope, const char *name);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/parse/token.h

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ enum mie_token_type {
 	MIE_TOK_TYPENAME = 0x4000u,
 	/* word or name, prefixed with a # hash */
 	MIE_TOK_ATTRIBNAME = 0x8000u,
+	__MIE_TOK_UBOUND = 0x9000u,
 };
 
 enum mie_token_value_type {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ enum mie_token_value_type {
 
 enum mie_token_symbol {
 	MIE_SYM_NONE = 0,
-	MIE_SYM_COLON,
+	MIE_SYM_COLON = __MIE_TOK_UBOUND,
 	MIE_SYM_EQUAL,
 	MIE_SYM_COMMA,
 	MIE_SYM_HYPHEN,
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ enum mie_token_symbol {
 	MIE_SYM_TILDE,
 	MIE_SYM_BANG,
 	MIE_SYM_ATSIGN,
+	MIE_SYM_QUESTION,
 	MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACE,
 	MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACE,
 	MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACKET,

mie/include/mie/rewrite/rewriter.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 struct mie_op;
 struct mie_ctx;
+struct mie_type;
 struct mie_region;
 struct mie_register;
 struct mie_op_successor;
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_split_block(
 	const char *name);
 MIE_API struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_create_block(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *insert_before, const char *name);
+MIE_API struct mie_register *mie_rewriter_add_block_parameter(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_type *type);
 
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_start(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
@@ -91,6 +95,11 @@ MIE_API struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_replace_op(
 MIE_API struct mie_op_successor *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *dest,
 	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_arg *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor_arg(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s,
+	struct mie_register *reg);
+MIE_API struct mie_op_arg *mie_rewriter_add_op_arg(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_register *reg);
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_erase_op(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op);
 MIE_API enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_op_args_to_successor(

mie/include/mie/type/function.h

@@ -23,4 +23,6 @@ MIE_API void mie_function_type_build_id(
 	size_t nr_in_types, const struct mie_type **out_types,
 	size_t nr_out_types);
 
+MIE_API bool mie_type_is_function(const struct mie_type *ty);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/type/storage.h

@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@ struct mie_storage_type {
 MIE_API struct mie_storage_type *mie_storage_type_create(void);
 MIE_API void mie_storage_type_add_part(
 	struct mie_storage_type *ty, const struct mie_type *part);
+MIE_API size_t mie_storage_type_get_nr_parts(const struct mie_storage_type *ty);
 
 MIE_API void mie_storage_type_build_id(
 	struct mie_id_builder *builder, const struct mie_type **parts,
 	size_t nr_parts);
 
+MIE_API bool mie_type_is_storage(const struct mie_type *ty);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/type/type.h

@@ -47,4 +47,7 @@ MIE_API void mie_type_build_id(
 MIE_API void mie_type_generate_id(
 	const struct mie_type *type, const mie_id *ns, mie_id *out);
 
+MIE_API bool mie_type_is(
+	const struct mie_type *ty, const char *dialect_name, const char *type_name);
+
 #endif

mie/include/mie/vector.h

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ struct mie_vector_ops {
 /* use this macro to forward your reference to a vector (which you got via
  * MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM in your function prototype), to another function whose
  * prototype also uses MIE_VECTOR_REF_PARAM */
-#define MIE_VECTOR_REF2(name) &(name.items), &(name.count), &(name.max)
+#define MIE_VECTOR_REF2(name) name, name##_count, name##_max
 
 /* use these functions if you're accessing a vector directly. */
 #define mie_vector_push_back(vector, ptr, ops)                                 \

mie/ir/op.c

@@ -276,6 +276,38 @@ struct mie_register *mie_op_get_result_with_name(
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+void mie_op_get_args_span(const struct mie_op *op, struct mie_file_span *result)
+{
+	memset(result, 0x0, sizeof *result);
+
+	size_t nr = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args);
+	if (!nr) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_op_arg *first = &op->op_args.items[0];
+	const struct mie_op_arg *last = &op->op_args.items[nr - 1];
+
+	result->s_start = first->arg_span.s_start;
+	result->s_end = last->arg_span.s_end;
+}
+
+void mie_op_get_results_span(const struct mie_op *op, struct mie_file_span *result)
+{
+	memset(result, 0x0, sizeof *result);
+
+	size_t nr = MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result);
+	if (!nr) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const struct mie_register *first = &op->op_result.items[0];
+	const struct mie_register *last = &op->op_result.items[nr - 1];
+
+	result->s_start = first->reg_span.s_start;
+	result->s_end = last->reg_span.s_end;
+}
+
 struct mie_op *mie_op_get_first_child_op(const struct mie_op *op)
 {
 	struct mie_region *first_region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);

mie/ir/region.c

@@ -75,6 +75,27 @@ struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block(struct mie_region *region)
 	return block;
 }
 
+struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_before(
+	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *before)
+{
+	if (before->b_parent != region) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct mie_block *block = malloc(sizeof *block);
+
+	if (!block) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	memset(block, 0x0, sizeof *block);
+	block->b_parent = region;
+
+	b_queue_insert_before(&region->r_blocks, &block->b_entry, &before->b_entry);
+
+	return block;
+}
+
 struct mie_block *mie_region_add_block_after(
 	struct mie_region *region, struct mie_block *after)
 {
@@ -102,7 +123,8 @@ struct mie_block *mie_region_find_block(
 	b_queue_entry *cur = b_queue_first(&region->r_blocks);
 	while (cur) {
 		struct mie_block *block = b_unbox(struct mie_block, cur, b_entry);
-		if (!strcmp(block->b_name.n_str, name)) {
+		const char *block_name = block->b_name.n_str;
+		if (block_name && !strcmp(block_name, name)) {
 			return block;
 		}
 

mie/ir/resolve.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ enum register_find_result {
 	REG_FIND_ISOLATED,
 };
 
-bool mie_op_resolve_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+bool mie_resolve_op_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	if (op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
 		return true;
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ static bool resolve_arg(
 	struct mie_block *block = op->op_container;
 	struct mie_op *search_start = op;
 	struct mie_register *reg = NULL;
+	bool cfg = (block->b_idom != NULL);
 
 	while (block) {
 		reg = mie_block_find_register(block, arg_name, search_start);
@@ -126,6 +127,18 @@ static bool resolve_arg(
 	enum register_find_result find_result
 		= find_register_wide(op, arg_name, &reg);
 
+	if (!cfg && REG_FIND_UNDOMINATED) {
+		/* this isn't a cfg (yet), so ignore dominance-relaced resolution issues */
+		free(arg->arg_unresolved.reg_name);
+		arg->arg_flags |= MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+
+		memset(&arg->arg_value, 0x0, sizeof arg->arg_value);
+		arg->arg_value.u_reg = reg;
+		arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+		b_queue_push_back(&reg->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_push_diag(
 		ctx, op->op_src, &arg->arg_span.s_start, "builtin",
 		MIE_BUILTIN_E_UNRESOLVED_VALUE);
@@ -228,7 +241,7 @@ static bool resolve_successor(
 	return true;
 }
 
-bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+bool mie_resolve_op_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	bool ok = true;
 
@@ -250,7 +263,7 @@ bool mie_op_resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
 	return ok;
 }
 
-bool mie_op_resolve_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+bool mie_resolve_op_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	bool ok = true;
 

mie/parse/lex.c

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ static struct lex_token_def symbols[] = {
 	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_HASH, "#"),
 	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_ATSIGN, "@"),
 	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_BANG, "!"),
+	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_QUESTION, "?"),
 	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_TILDE, "~"),
 	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_LEFT_BRACE, "{"),
 	LEX_TOKEN_DEF(MIE_SYM_RIGHT_BRACE, "}"),
@@ -216,6 +217,11 @@ struct mie_line_source *mie_lex_get_line_source(const struct mie_lex *lex)
 	return lex->lex_source;
 }
 
+const struct mie_file_cell *mie_lex_get_cursor(const struct mie_lex *lex)
+{
+	return &lex->lex_source->s_cursor;
+}
+
 static bool char_can_begin_symbol(char c)
 {
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_symbols; i++) {
@@ -526,6 +532,7 @@ static enum mie_status read_ident(struct mie_lex *lex, enum mie_token_type type)
 			return push_string_token(lex, type, s);
 		} else {
 			push_symbol(lex, MIE_SYM_ASTERISK);
+			lex->lex_token_start.c_col++;
 			return push_string_token(lex, MIE_TOK_WORD, s);
 		}
 		break;

mie/pass/builtin/convert-scf-to-cf.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/arith.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/builtin.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/cf.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
@@ -101,12 +102,144 @@ static struct mie_rewrite_result if_rewrite(
 	return MIE_REWRITE_RESULT(MIE_REWRITE_SUCCESS, MIE_SUCCESS);
 }
 
+static enum mie_match_result for_match(const struct mie_op *op)
+{
+	if (!mie_op_is(op, "scf", "for")) {
+		return MIE_NO_MATCH_FOUND;
+	}
+
+	return MIE_MATCH_FOUND;
+}
+
+static struct mie_rewrite_result for_rewrite(
+	struct mie_op *op, struct mie_rewriter *rewriter)
+{
+	printf("for: rewriting %p %s.%s\n", op, op->op_info->op_parent->d_name,
+	       op->op_info->op_name);
+
+	struct mie_region *parent_region = op->op_container->b_parent;
+	struct mie_region *for_body = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+	struct mie_block *for_entry = mie_region_get_first_block(for_body);
+	struct mie_block *pre_block = op->op_container;
+	struct mie_block *end_block
+		= mie_rewriter_split_block(rewriter, pre_block, op, "for.end");
+
+	struct mie_register *entry_iv = &for_entry->b_params.items[0];
+	struct mie_register *lb = op->op_args.items[0].arg_value.u_reg;
+	struct mie_register *ub = op->op_args.items[1].arg_value.u_reg;
+	struct mie_register *step = op->op_args.items[2].arg_value.u_reg;
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(struct mie_register *, initial_args);
+	mie_vector_push_back(initial_args, &lb, NULL);
+	for (size_t i = 3; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_args); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *arg = op->op_args.items[i].arg_value.u_reg;
+		mie_vector_push_back(initial_args, &arg, NULL);
+	}
+
+	mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(rewriter, pre_block);
+	mie_cf_br_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(rewriter), for_entry, initial_args.items,
+		initial_args.count);
+
+	char iv_next_name[64];
+	snprintf(
+		iv_next_name, sizeof iv_next_name, "%s.next",
+		entry_iv->reg_name.n_str);
+
+	mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(rewriter, for_entry);
+	struct mie_block *for_cond
+		= mie_rewriter_create_block(rewriter, end_block, "for.cond");
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(for_entry->b_params); i++) {
+		const char *var_name = for_entry->b_params.items[i].reg_name.n_str;
+		const struct mie_type *var_type
+			= for_entry->b_params.items[i].reg_type;
+
+		mie_rewriter_add_block_parameter(
+			rewriter, for_cond, var_name, entry_iv->reg_type);
+	}
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(op->op_result); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *old_reg = &op->op_result.items[i];
+		struct mie_register *new_reg = mie_block_add_param(end_block);
+		new_reg->reg_type = old_reg->reg_type;
+		char *name = b_strdup(old_reg->reg_name.n_str);
+
+		mie_name_destroy(&old_reg->reg_name);
+		mie_rewriter_rename_register(rewriter, new_reg, name);
+		mie_rewriter_replace_register(rewriter, old_reg, new_reg);
+		free(name);
+	}
+
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, op, MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS);
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		if (!mie_op_is(item->i_op, "scf", "yield")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		printf("for: found scf.yield %p\n", item->i_op);
+
+		struct mie_op *br = mie_rewriter_replace_op(
+			rewriter, item->i_op, "cf", "br");
+		struct mie_op_successor *s = mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
+			rewriter, br, for_cond, NULL, 0);
+		struct mie_op_arg *iv_arg = mie_rewriter_add_op_successor_arg(
+			rewriter, br, s, entry_iv);
+		mie_rewriter_move_op_args_to_successor(rewriter, br, s);
+
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
+	mie_rewriter_move_blocks_after(rewriter, for_body, parent_region, pre_block);
+
+	mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(rewriter, for_cond);
+
+	struct mie_register *cond_iv = &for_cond->b_params.items[0];
+
+	struct mie_register *iv_next = mie_arith_addi_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(rewriter), cond_iv, step, iv_next_name);
+	struct mie_register *iv_cmp = mie_arith_cmpi_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(rewriter), MIE_ARITH_CMPI_UGE, iv_next, ub, "stop");
+
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(struct mie_register *, true_args);
+	MIE_VECTOR_DEFINE(struct mie_register *, false_args);
+
+	mie_vector_push_back(false_args, &iv_next, NULL);
+
+	for (size_t i = 1; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(for_cond->b_params); i++) {
+		struct mie_register *param = &for_cond->b_params.items[i];
+		mie_vector_push_back(true_args, &param, NULL);
+		mie_vector_push_back(false_args, &param, NULL);
+	}
+
+	mie_cf_br_cond_put(
+		MIE_EMITTER(rewriter), iv_cmp, end_block, true_args.items,
+		true_args.count, for_entry, false_args.items, false_args.count);
+
+	mie_vector_destroy(true_args, NULL);
+	mie_vector_destroy(false_args, NULL);
+
+	mie_rewriter_erase_op(rewriter, op);
+
+	return MIE_REWRITE_RESULT(MIE_REWRITE_SUCCESS, MIE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
 MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_BEGIN(if_pattern)
 	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_ROOT("scf", "if");
 	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_MATCH(if_match);
 	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_REWRITE(if_rewrite);
 MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_END()
 
+MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_BEGIN(for_pattern)
+	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_ROOT("scf", "for");
+	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_MATCH(for_match);
+	MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_REWRITE(for_rewrite);
+MIE_REWRITE_PATTERN_END()
+
 static struct mie_pass_result transform(
 	struct mie_pass *pass, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_pass_args *args)
 {
@@ -115,9 +248,11 @@ static struct mie_pass_result transform(
 
 	struct mie_convert_config *cfg = mie_convert_config_create(args->p_ctx);
 	mie_convert_config_add_illegal_op(cfg, "scf", "if");
+	mie_convert_config_add_illegal_op(cfg, "scf", "for");
 
 	struct mie_pattern_set patterns = {};
 	if_pattern_create(&patterns);
+	for_pattern_create(&patterns);
 	mie_convert_apply(op, cfg, &patterns);
 
 	mie_pattern_set_cleanup(&patterns);

mie/pass/pass-manager.c

@@ -211,7 +211,10 @@ static void schedule_passes(
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(pm->pm_nested); i++) {
 			struct mie_pass_manager *nested = pm->pm_nested.items[i];
 			struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
-			schedule_passes(nested, schedule, item->i_op, depth + 1);
+			if (item) {
+				schedule_passes(
+					nested, schedule, item->i_op, depth + 1);
+			}
 		}
 	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
 

mie/print/op.c

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_arg(
 		b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '%');
 	}
 
+	if (!arg_name) {
+		arg_name = "<NO-NAME>";
+	}
+
 	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, arg_name, NULL);
 
 	if (!resolved
@@ -62,15 +66,20 @@ void mie_printer_print_op_successor(
 	b_stream_write_char(printer->p_stream, '^');
 	bool resolved = false;
 
+	const char *name = NULL;
 	if (successor->s_flags & MIE_OP_F_SUCCESSOR_RESOLVED) {
-		b_stream_write_string(
-			printer->p_stream, successor->s_block->b_name.n_str, NULL);
+		name = successor->s_block->b_name.n_str;
 		resolved = true;
 	} else {
-		b_stream_write_string(
-			printer->p_stream, successor->s_block_name, NULL);
+		name = successor->s_block_name;
 	}
 
+	if (!name) {
+		name = "<NO-NAME>";
+	}
+
+	b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, name, NULL);
+
 	if (!resolved
 	    && MIE_TEST_FLAGS(
 		    printer->p_flags, MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS)) {

mie/print/type.c

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@
 
 void mie_printer_print_type(struct mie_printer *printer, const struct mie_type *type)
 {
+	if (!type) {
+		b_stream_write_string(printer->p_stream, "<NULL-TYPE>", NULL);
+		return;
+	}
+
 	if (TYPE_HAS_PRINT_CALLBACK(type)) {
 		type->ty_def->ty_print(type, printer);
 	} else if (TYPE_IS_BUILTIN(type)) {

mie/rewrite/rewriter.c

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_set_insertion_block(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block)
 {
 	rw->r_insert_block = block;
+	rw->r_insert_point = NULL;
 	return block;
 }
 
@@ -109,9 +110,30 @@ struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_split_block(
 struct mie_block *mie_rewriter_create_block(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *insert_before, const char *name)
 {
+	struct mie_region *parent = insert_before->b_parent;
+	struct mie_block *block
+		= mie_region_add_block_before(parent, insert_before);
+	mie_rewriter_put_name(rw, &block->b_name, name);
+	return block;
+}
+
+struct mie_register *mie_rewriter_add_block_parameter(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block, const char *name,
+	const struct mie_type *type)
+{
+	struct mie_register *reg = mie_block_add_param(block);
+
+	if (mie_rewriter_put_name(rw, &reg->reg_name, name) != MIE_SUCCESS) {
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	reg->reg_flags = MIE_REGISTER_F_VIRTUAL | MIE_REGISTER_F_BLOCK_PARAM;
+	reg->reg_block = block;
+	reg->reg_type = type;
+
+	return reg;
+}
+
 enum mie_status mie_rewriter_move_block_to_start(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_block *block,
 	struct mie_region *from, struct mie_region *to)
@@ -410,6 +432,31 @@ struct mie_op *mie_rewriter_replace_op(
 	return op;
 }
 
+struct mie_op_arg *mie_rewriter_add_op_arg(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_register *value)
+{
+	struct mie_op_arg *arg = mie_op_add_arg(op);
+	arg->arg_flags = MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+	arg->arg_value.u_reg = value;
+	arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+	b_queue_push_back(&value->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+
+	return arg;
+}
+
+MIE_API struct mie_op_arg *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor_arg(
+	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_op_successor *s,
+	struct mie_register *value)
+{
+	struct mie_op_arg *arg = mie_vector_emplace_back(s->s_args, NULL);
+	arg->arg_flags = MIE_OP_F_ARG_RESOLVED;
+	arg->arg_value.u_reg = value;
+	arg->arg_value.u_user = op;
+	b_queue_push_back(&value->reg_use, &arg->arg_value.u_entry);
+
+	return arg;
+}
+
 struct mie_op_successor *mie_rewriter_add_op_successor(
 	struct mie_rewriter *rw, struct mie_op *op, struct mie_block *dest,
 	struct mie_register **args, size_t nr_args)

mie/type/function.c

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#define FUNCTION_TYPE_NAME "*function"
+
 static void build_id(const struct mie_type *type, struct mie_id_builder *ctx)
 {
 	const struct mie_function_type *function
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ static enum mie_status type_print(
 }
 
 static struct mie_type_definition function_type = {
-	.ty_name = "*function",
+	.ty_name = FUNCTION_TYPE_NAME,
 	.ty_data_size = sizeof(struct mie_type),
 	.ty_build_id = build_id,
 	.ty_print = type_print,
@@ -104,3 +106,15 @@ void mie_function_type_build_id(
 	}
 	mie_id_builder_add_marker(ctx, MIE_ID_BUILDER_FUNCTION_OUT_END);
 }
+
+bool mie_type_is_function(const struct mie_type *ty)
+{
+	const struct mie_type_definition *ty_def = ty->ty_def;
+
+	if (!ty_def) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return (!ty_def->ty_parent)
+	    && !strcmp(ty_def->ty_name, FUNCTION_TYPE_NAME);
+}

mie/type/storage.c

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#define STORAGE_TYPE_NAME "*storage"
+
 static void build_id(const struct mie_type *type, struct mie_id_builder *ctx)
 {
 	const struct mie_storage_type *storage
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ static enum mie_status type_print(
 }
 
 static struct mie_type_definition storage_type = {
-	.ty_name = "*storage",
+	.ty_name = STORAGE_TYPE_NAME,
 	.ty_data_size = sizeof(struct mie_type),
 	.ty_build_id = build_id,
 	.ty_print = type_print,
@@ -59,6 +61,11 @@ void mie_storage_type_add_part(
 	mie_vector_push_back(ty->st_parts, &part, NULL);
 }
 
+size_t mie_storage_type_get_nr_parts(const struct mie_storage_type *ty)
+{
+	return MIE_VECTOR_COUNT(ty->st_parts);
+}
+
 void mie_storage_type_build_id(
 	struct mie_id_builder *ctx, const struct mie_type **parts, size_t nr_parts)
 {
@@ -68,3 +75,14 @@ void mie_storage_type_build_id(
 	}
 	mie_id_builder_add_marker(ctx, MIE_ID_BUILDER_STORAGE_END);
 }
+
+bool mie_type_is_storage(const struct mie_type *ty)
+{
+	const struct mie_type_definition *ty_def = ty->ty_def;
+
+	if (!ty_def) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return (!ty_def->ty_parent) && !strcmp(ty_def->ty_name, STORAGE_TYPE_NAME);
+}

mie/type/type.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/type/function.h>
 #include <mie/type/storage.h>
 #include <mie/type/type-definition.h>
@@ -44,3 +45,25 @@ void mie_type_generate_id(const struct mie_type *type, const mie_id *ns, mie_id
 	mie_type_build_id(type, &ctx);
 	mie_id_builder_end(&ctx, out);
 }
+
+bool mie_type_is(
+	const struct mie_type *ty, const char *dialect_name, const char *type_name)
+{
+	if (!ty->ty_def) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(ty->ty_def->ty_name, type_name) != 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (!ty->ty_def->ty_parent) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(ty->ty_def->ty_parent->d_name, dialect_name) != 0) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}

tool/cmd/optimise.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include "../diag/diag.h"
+#include "../resolve.h"
 #include "cmd.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
@@ -13,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/func.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/index.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/meta.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/ptr.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/scf.h>
@@ -23,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <mie/ir/op.h>
 #include <mie/ir/region.h>
 #include <mie/ir/register.h>
+#include <mie/ir/resolve.h>
 #include <mie/ir/walk.h>
 #include <mie/name.h>
 #include <mie/parse/lex.h>
@@ -43,9 +47,22 @@
 enum {
 	ARG_FILEPATH,
 
+	OPT_GENERIC,
+	OPT_NO_ABBREV,
+
 	OPT_PASS_OFFSET = 200,
 };
 
+static void report_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+	while (diag) {
+		mie_diag_write_pretty(diag, b_stdtty_err);
+		/* TODO cleanup */
+		diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+	}
+}
+
 static int optimise_file(
 	const b_command *cmd, const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 {
@@ -59,25 +76,11 @@ static int optimise_file(
 
 	printf("File OK\n");
 
-	b_arglist_iterator it;
-	b_arglist_foreach(&it, args)
-	{
-		if (it.opt_id < OPT_PASS_OFFSET) {
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		const b_command_option *opt = b_command_get_option(cmd, it.opt_id);
-		if (!opt) {
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		printf("running pass %s\n", b_command_option_get_long_name(opt));
-	}
-
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
 	mie_builtin_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_meta_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_select_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_memref_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_ptr_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_arith_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_func_dialect_create(ctx);
@@ -98,27 +101,11 @@ static int optimise_file(
 	struct mie_op *root = mie_op_create();
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_op(parse, NULL, root)) {
+		report_diag(ctx);
 		printf("parse failed\n");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	enum mie_walker_flags flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS
-	                            | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD
-	                            | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
-	struct mie_walker walker;
-	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, flags);
-
-	do {
-		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
-			fputs("  ", stdout);
-		}
-
-		printf("resolving %p %s... ", item->i_op, item->i_op->op_name);
-		bool ok = mie_ctx_resolve_op(ctx, item->i_op);
-		printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
-	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
-
 	struct mie_pass *prefix_func_with_underscore = NULL;
 	if (mie_ctx_get_pass(
 		    ctx, "prefix-func-with-underscore", NULL,
@@ -128,6 +115,11 @@ static int optimise_file(
 		return -1;
 	}
 
+	if (!resolve_op(root, ctx)) {
+		report_diag(ctx);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
 	struct mie_pass_manager *pm = mie_pass_manager_create(ctx);
 	struct mie_pass_manager *module_pm = mie_pass_manager_nest(pm);
 	mie_pass_manager_filter_op(module_pm, "builtin", "module");
@@ -137,14 +129,47 @@ static int optimise_file(
 
 	mie_pass_manager_add_pass(func_pm, prefix_func_with_underscore);
 
+	b_arglist_iterator it;
+	b_arglist_foreach(&it, args)
+	{
+		if (it.opt_id < OPT_PASS_OFFSET) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const b_command_option *opt = b_command_get_option(cmd, it.opt_id);
+		if (!opt) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const char *pass_name = b_command_option_get_long_name(opt);
+		struct mie_pass *pass = NULL;
+		enum mie_status status
+			= mie_ctx_get_pass(ctx, pass_name, NULL, &pass);
+		if (status != MIE_SUCCESS) {
+			printf("cannot load pass %s\n", pass_name);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		mie_pass_manager_add_pass(func_pm, pass);
+	}
+
 #if 0
 	mie_pass_manager_parse(
 		pm, "builtin.module(func.func(prefix-func-with-underscore))");
 #endif
 	mie_pass_manager_run(pm, root);
 
+	enum mie_print_flags flags = 0;
+	if (b_arglist_get_count(args, OPT_GENERIC, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID) > 0) {
+		flags |= MIE_PRINT_F_GENERIC;
+	}
+
+	if (b_arglist_get_count(args, OPT_NO_ABBREV, B_COMMAND_INVALID_ID) == 0) {
+		flags |= MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED;
+	}
+
 	struct mie_printer printer;
-	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
+	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, flags);
 	mie_printer_print_op(&printer, root);
 	printf("\n");
 
@@ -227,6 +252,21 @@ B_COMMAND(CMD_OPTIMISE, CMD_ROOT)
 		B_ARG_NR_VALUES(1);
 	}
 
+	B_COMMAND_OPTION(OPT_GENERIC)
+	{
+		B_OPTION_LONG_NAME("generic");
+		B_OPTION_SHORT_NAME('g');
+		B_OPTION_DESC("print operations in generic format.");
+	}
+
+	B_COMMAND_OPTION(OPT_NO_ABBREV)
+	{
+		B_OPTION_LONG_NAME("no-abbrev");
+		B_OPTION_SHORT_NAME('n');
+		B_OPTION_DESC(
+			"don't use abbreviations for builtin types and ops.");
+	}
+
 	struct mie_ctx *ctx = mie_ctx_create();
 	mie_builtin_passes_register(ctx);
 
@@ -237,12 +277,13 @@ B_COMMAND(CMD_OPTIMISE, CMD_ROOT)
 		struct mie_pass_definition *pass
 			= b_unbox(struct mie_pass_definition, id, p_id);
 
-		B_COMMAND_OPTION_GEN(OPT_PASS_OFFSET + 1)
+		B_COMMAND_OPTION_GEN(OPT_PASS_OFFSET + i)
 		{
 			B_OPTION_LONG_NAME(pass->p_name);
 			B_OPTION_DESC(pass->p_description);
 		}
 
 		node = b_btree_next(node);
+		i++;
 	}
 }

tool/cmd/validate.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "../diag/diag.h"
+#include "../resolve.h"
 #include "cmd.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <mie/dialect/dialect.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/func.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/index.h>
+#include <mie/dialect/memref.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/meta.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/ptr.h>
 #include <mie/dialect/scf.h>
@@ -45,6 +47,16 @@ enum {
 	ARG_FILEPATH,
 };
 
+static void report_diag(struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+	while (diag) {
+		mie_diag_write_pretty(diag, b_stdtty_err);
+		/* TODO cleanup */
+		diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
+	}
+}
+
 static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 {
 	b_file *file = NULL;
@@ -61,6 +73,7 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	mie_builtin_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_meta_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_select_dialect_create(ctx);
+	mie_memref_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_ptr_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_arith_dialect_create(ctx);
 	mie_func_dialect_create(ctx);
@@ -81,50 +94,16 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	struct mie_op *root = mie_op_create();
 
 	if (!mie_parser_parse_op(parse, NULL, root)) {
-		struct mie_diag *diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
-		while (diag) {
-			mie_diag_write_pretty(diag, b_stdtty_err);
-			/* TODO cleanup */
-			diag = mie_ctx_pop_diag(ctx);
-		}
-
+		report_diag(ctx);
 		printf("parse failed\n");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags
-		= MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
-	        | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
-	struct mie_walker walker;
-	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, walk_flags);
-
-	do {
-		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
-			fputs("  ", stdout);
+	if (!resolve_op(root, ctx)) {
+		report_diag(ctx);
+		return -1;
 	}
 
-		switch (item->i_type) {
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
-			printf("looking at region %p...\n", item->i_region);
-			continue;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
-			printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
-			       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
-			continue;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
-
-			printf("resolving %p %s... ", item->i_op,
-			       item->i_op->op_name);
-			bool ok = mie_ctx_resolve_op(ctx, item->i_op);
-			printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
-			break;
-		default:
-			break;
-		}
-	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
-	mie_walker_end(&walker);
-
 	struct mie_pass *prefix_func_with_underscore = NULL;
 	enum mie_status status = mie_ctx_get_pass(
 		ctx, "prefix-func-with-underscore", NULL,
@@ -150,44 +129,52 @@ static int validate_file(const char *path, const b_arglist *args)
 	mie_pass_manager_run(pm, root);
 
 	struct mie_printer printer;
-	mie_printer_init(&printer, ctx, b_stdout, MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED);
+	mie_printer_init(
+		&printer, ctx, b_stdout,
+		MIE_PRINT_F_ABBREVIATED | MIE_PRINT_F_MARK_UNRESOLVED_ELEMENTS);
 	mie_printer_print_op(&printer, root);
 	printf("\n");
 
-	struct mie_op *func = mie_op_get_first_child_op(root);
-	walk_flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
+#if 0
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags = MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_BLOCKS
+	                                 | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
 	                                 | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD;
-	mie_walker_begin(&walker, func, walk_flags);
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, root, walk_flags);
 
 	do {
 		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < item->i_depth; i++) {
-			fputs("  ", stdout);
-		}
-
-		switch (item->i_type) {
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_REGION:
-			printf("looking at region %p...\n", item->i_region);
-			break;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_BLOCK:
 		printf("looking at block %p %s...\n", item->i_block,
 		       item->i_block->b_name.n_str);
-			break;
-		case MIE_WALK_ITEM_OP:
-			if (item->i_op->op_flags & MIE_OP_F_OP_RESOLVED) {
-				printf("looking at %p %s.%s...\n", item->i_op,
-				       item->i_op->op_dialect->d_name,
-				       item->i_op->op_info->op_name);
-			} else {
-				printf("looking at %p %s...\n", item->i_op,
-				       item->i_op->op_name);
-			}
-			break;
-		default:
-			break;
+		printf("  id=%u\n", item->i_block->b_id);
+		const char *idom = item->i_block->b_idom
+		                         ? item->i_block->b_idom->b_name.n_str
+		                         : "Unk";
+		printf("  idom=%s\n", idom);
+#if 0
+		const char *sdom = item->i_block->b_sdom
+		                         ? item->i_block->b_sdom->b_name.n_str
+		                         : "Unk";
+		const char *dfs_parent
+			= item->i_block->b_dfs_parent
+		                ? item->i_block->b_dfs_parent->b_name.n_str
+		                : "Unk";
+		printf("  sdom=%s\n", sdom);
+		printf("  dfs_parent=%s\n", dfs_parent);
+#endif
+
+		printf("  preds=");
+
+		struct mie_block_predecessor *pred
+			= mie_block_get_first_predecessor(item->i_block);
+		while (pred) {
+			printf(" %s", pred->p_block->b_name.n_str);
+			pred = mie_block_get_next_predecessor(item->i_block, pred);
 		}
+		printf("\n");
 	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
 	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+#endif
 
 #if 0
 

tool/diag/pretty.c

@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ struct snippet_print_ctx {
 	struct mie_line_source *ctx_line_source;
 
 	size_t ctx_row, ctx_col;
+	size_t ctx_indent_offset;
 
-	bool ctx_has_underline;
+	bool ctx_has_underline, ctx_in_content;
 	b_stringstream *ctx_underline;
 	const b_string *ctx_linebuf;
 	const b_iterator *ctx_linebuf_ptr;
@@ -224,18 +225,22 @@ static void update_amendment(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	if (ctx->ctx_amendment
 	    && amendment_contains_cell(
-		    ctx->ctx_amendment, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col)) {
+		    ctx->ctx_amendment, ctx->ctx_row,
+		    ctx->ctx_col + ctx->ctx_indent_offset)) {
 		return;
 	}
 
-	ctx->ctx_amendment
-		= find_amendment(ctx->ctx_snippet, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col);
+	ctx->ctx_amendment = find_amendment(
+		ctx->ctx_snippet, ctx->ctx_row,
+		ctx->ctx_col + ctx->ctx_indent_offset);
 }
 
 static void update_highlighting(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	if (ctx->ctx_hl
-	    && highlight_contains_cell(ctx->ctx_hl, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col)) {
+	    && highlight_contains_cell(
+		    ctx->ctx_hl, ctx->ctx_row,
+		    ctx->ctx_col + ctx->ctx_indent_offset)) {
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -243,8 +248,9 @@ static void update_highlighting(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
 
 	STREAM_COLOUR_RESET(ctx->ctx_stream);
 
-	const struct mie_diag_highlight *new_hl
-		= find_highlight(ctx->ctx_snippet, ctx->ctx_row, ctx->ctx_col);
+	const struct mie_diag_highlight *new_hl = find_highlight(
+		ctx->ctx_snippet, ctx->ctx_row,
+		ctx->ctx_col + ctx->ctx_indent_offset);
 
 	if (!new_hl) {
 		return;
@@ -299,7 +305,8 @@ static int get_char_amendment(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
 
 	switch (a->a_type) {
 	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_ADD:
-		i = ctx->ctx_col - a->a_add.a_loc.c_row;
+		i = ctx->ctx_col - ctx->ctx_indent_offset - a->a_add.a_loc.c_row
+		  - 1;
 		return a->a_add.a_str[i];
 	case MIE_DIAG_AMENDMENT_REMOVE:
 		b_iterator_move_next(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr);
@@ -334,14 +341,25 @@ static int get_char(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
 		return get_char_amendment(ctx);
 	}
 
-	b_wchar c = b_iterator_get_cvalue(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
+	b_wchar c = B_WCHAR_INVALID;
+
+	while (1) {
+		c = b_iterator_get_cvalue(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr).v_int;
 		if (c == B_WCHAR_INVALID) {
 			return GET_CHAR_STOP;
-	};
+		}
 
 		b_iterator_move_next(ctx->ctx_linebuf_ptr);
+
+		if (isspace(c) && !ctx->ctx_in_content) {
+			ctx->ctx_indent_offset++;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		ctx->ctx_in_content = true;
 		return c;
 	}
+}
 
 static void update_underline(struct snippet_print_ctx *ctx)
 {
@@ -414,6 +432,10 @@ static void print_snippet(
 
 			update_highlighting(&printer);
 
+			if (c == '[') {
+				b_tty_putc(stream, 0, c);
+			}
+
 			b_tty_putc(stream, 0, c);
 
 			update_underline(&printer);

tool/resolve.c

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#include <mie/ctx.h>
+#include <mie/ir/op.h>
+#include <mie/ir/region.h>
+#include <mie/ir/resolve.h>
+#include <mie/ir/walk.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#if 0
+static bool resolve_op(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	if (mie_op_has_trait(op, "func", "function-like")) {
+		struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+		mie_region_refresh_dominance(region);
+	}
+
+	if (!mie_op_resolve_references(op, ctx)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+#endif
+
+static bool resolve_self_and_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	char op_name[128];
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags
+		= MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
+	        | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, op, walk_flags);
+	bool result = true;
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		struct mie_op *op = item->i_op;
+		mie_op_get_name(op, op_name, sizeof op_name);
+		// printf("resolving op: %p %s... ", item->i_op, op_name);
+		bool ok = mie_resolve_op_self(op, ctx);
+		// printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
+
+		ok = mie_resolve_op_successors(item->i_op, ctx);
+		if (!ok) {
+			result = false;
+		}
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static bool resolve_args(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	char op_name[128];
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags
+		= MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_PREORDER
+	        | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, op, walk_flags);
+	bool result = true;
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		struct mie_op *op = item->i_op;
+		mie_op_get_name(op, op_name, sizeof op_name);
+
+		// printf("resolving args: %p %s... ", item->i_op, op_name);
+		bool ok = mie_resolve_op_args(op, ctx);
+		// printf("%s\n", ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
+
+		if (!ok) {
+			result = false;
+		}
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static bool refresh_function_dominance_trees(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	char op_name[128];
+	enum mie_walker_flags walk_flags
+		= MIE_WALKER_F_INCLUDE_OPS | MIE_WALKER_F_POSTORDER
+	        | MIE_WALKER_F_FORWARD | MIE_WALKER_F_RECURSIVE;
+	struct mie_walker walker;
+	mie_walker_begin(&walker, op, walk_flags);
+	bool result = true;
+
+	do {
+		const struct mie_walk_item *item = mie_walker_get(&walker);
+		struct mie_op *op = item->i_op;
+		if (!mie_op_has_trait(op, "func", "function-like")) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		mie_op_get_name(op, op_name, sizeof op_name);
+
+		// printf("calculating dom-tree: %p %s...\n", item->i_op, op_name);
+		struct mie_region *region = mie_op_get_first_region(op);
+		if (!region) {
+			/* TODO diagnostic message */
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		mie_region_refresh_dominance(region);
+	} while (mie_walker_step(&walker) == MIE_SUCCESS);
+	mie_walker_end(&walker);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+bool resolve_op(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	/* first, resolve the op-definitions and block references */
+	if (!resolve_self_and_successors(op, ctx)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/* next, calculation the block dominator tree for all function-like
+	 * ops. */
+	refresh_function_dominance_trees(op, ctx);
+
+	/* next, resolve all op arguments */
+	if (!resolve_args(op, ctx)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}

tool/resolve.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef TOOL_RESOLVE_H_
+#define TOOL_RESOLVE_H_
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+struct mie_op;
+struct mie_ctx;
+
+extern bool resolve_op_self(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+extern bool resolve_op_successors(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
+extern bool resolve_op(struct mie_op *op, struct mie_ctx *ctx);
+
+#endif